By Jena Aldredge

When you cross into Loudon County, Virginia, one of the first things you notice is the hum - that's the sound of 199 data centres whirring in the background.

Few people have heard of this inconspicuous part of northern Virginia, which also happens to be the wealthiest county in the US. But Loudon was on everyone's radar earlier this week, when a massive global Amazon outage downed everything from crucial banking services to fun Snapchat streaks for millions.

That's because the county is home to the world's largest swath of data storage and processing facilities - even outpacing China.

Data centres - dedicated spaces for computer systems that help power the internet and artificial intelligence - are essential to our global connectivity.

But while they have proven to be a lucrative business - contributing billions to the local economy - some residents worry the cost comes at too high a price.

There are some 200 facilities taking up about 45 million square metres in Loudoun, giving the county the nickname Data Center Alley.

Data centres take up 3% of the total land area of the county and 40% of its budget.

And now more facilities are on their way.

Emily Kasabian was walking her newborn son along her picturesque neighbourhood road in Virginia earlier this year, when she saw something that stopped her in her tracks.

A sign for a proposed data centre moving in across the street.

Two years ago, when Ms Kasabian purchased her home she said she was relieved to be away from the data centres that have taken over other parts of the county. The lack of centres nearby was the reason many of her neighbours chose to live there, she said.

"I never thought that a data centre would be built across the street from my house," she said. "I would not have bought this house if I had known what was going in across the street."

The reason she, and so many others, are opposed to these large facilities is not just because of their overpowering appearance - a typical data centre can be 100,000 square feet, turning whole streets into large industrial blocks - but some of their side effects, too.

A massive bright blue concrete and glass data centre sits just steps from Greg Pirio's front door in Loudoun County. Thirteen years ago when he purchased his home that patch of land was filled with green trees and chirping birds.

Today, he deals with the centre’s impacts in real time - the one that bothers him the most is the noise pollution.

"There are no birds around here anymore," he said, noting the humming or buzzing noise the centre emits scares away a lot of wildlife from his area.

In addition to the noise concerns, people who live in the area expressed frustration with rising electricity bills.

In the past five years, wholesale electricity costs have gone up by as much as 267% in areas near data centres, an investigation by Bloomberg News found.

But while most locals the BBC spoke to opposed the data centres, the industry has many powerful proponents, including US President Donald Trump.

Data centres are essential to help grow the burgeoning industry of AI, a field that Trump has said he wants the United States to lead in.

His administration has said it will "accelerate federal permitting of data center infrastructure" to conjure "a golden age for America manufacturing and technology".

The centres can have big impacts on local and state economies, too. Annually, the data centre industry creates about 74,000 jobs, totalling $5.5bn (£4bn) in labour income to Virginia's economy, according to a state audit.

Loudoun County was among the first to see the potential, about a decade ago, and begin growing this new industry.

Developers realised the area was the perfect place for data centres - it was filled with flat, cheap land.

Local officials soon got on board and began giving corporations like Amazon and Google the green light to start building their facilities.

And the area had one more thing going for them in their quest to create a headquarters for a new burgeoning industry: the right talent.

"Northern Virginia was really at the centre for the growth of the internet, [it was] where AOL was headquartered, and so naturally they have the talent, they have the people already there, it was just easier to make [the data centres] there," cybersecurity expert Thomas Hyslip said.

Since the industry began booming rapidly earlier this century, regulations on the centres have been limited.

Virginia's Governor, Glenn Youngkin, vetoed state legislation that would have regulated the centres earlier this year.

Dan Diori, vice president of state policy at the Data Center Coalition, an industry group, said the industry needed to do a better job communicating the up-sides of these centres, and listening to people's concerns. But he doesn't think more regulation is necessary.

Data centres are not going anywhere, he said. They are and will continue to be the "backbone of the 21st Century economy".

But some residents, like Barbara Day, say people shouldn't have to choose between the economy and quality of life.

"These data centres are going up faster than we realised the implications of and then we're back-paddling to fix it," she said.

Market reports show that in August 2025, there were currently more than 1,100 data centres across the US, with almost 400 new centres being built.

Activists like Ms Kasabian hope to chip away at those numbers, by lobbying state and local legislatures to delay or pause projects.

"This is a beautiful great place to live, but if this type of development continues to happen and they allow it to encroach they are eroding what makes this a great place to live and we'll start to see the consequences of that soon unless we start to course correct in a very major way," she said.

The mother of two knows she may not win this battle and the data centres may soon appear across the street from her idyllic suburban neighbourhood, forcing her family to make the difficult decision to move.

"The question is, well, do we want to stay in the county, how do we know where we move next the same thing isn't going to happen?"

By Jason Mannet

Amazon Web Services (AWS), the cloud computing platform that powers much of the internet, went down for several hours Monday, making several major websites and apps inoperable.

From banking services to social networks to airline booking sites to online shopping, thousands of services were disrupted as millions of people worldwide – many of whom were on their way to work on the US East Coast – were unable to mobile-order coffee or access key apps.

The latest outage serves as a reminder of how fragile the internet’s backbone can be, even if the disruption is brief, and how reliant the world has become on these online services.

Although AWS and its competitors are generally robust, the internet is a complex web of overlapping services that are only as reliable as their weakest code. The root cause of Monday’s outage remains unknown, but a service that converts friendly web names into IP addresses was unable to communicate with thousands of companies’ massive databases hosted by Amazon.

Past outages on this scale have been caused by a wide variety of errors, including faulty updates, the accidental injection of bad code, or a change to third-party software that doesn’t play nicely with a service. Rarely, internet cable cuts, cyberattacks or direct denial of service attacks can bring down or overload servers that host key apps.

But the relative frequency of these events shows the lack of necessary redundancies and competitive services. Too often, some internet experts say, companies put all their eggs in one cloud services basket.

There’s “no sign” that this was a cyberattack, according to Rob Jardin, chief digital officer at cybersecurity firm NymVPN, adding that it “looks like a technical fault affecting one of Amazon’s main data centers.”

“The internet was originally designed to be decentralized and resilient, yet today so much of our online ecosystem is concentrated in a small number of cloud regions,” he said in a note. “When one of those regions experiences a fault, the impact is immediate and widespread.”

Jardin said “these issues can happen when systems become overloaded or a key part of the network goes down; and because so many websites and apps rely on AWS, the impact spreads quickly.”

AWS doesn’t often experience major disruptions like this, with the last one occurring in 2021.

“That’s on par with the other major cloud providers and, in fact, it’s amazing that they’re able to run at the scale they do without more frequent disruptions,” said Mike Chapple, a cybersecurity expert and IT professor at the University of Notre Dame’s Mendoza College of Business.

“The reason these events attract much more notice is because of their impact,” he told CNN. “If a single company experiences an issue in their data center, it causes issues for that company’s products and services.”

In 2024, the largest-ever IT outage brought down large portions of the internet when a devastating CrowdStrike software glitch crashed computers, led to flight cancellations and disrupted hospitals around the globe, creating $5 billion in direct business losses. A bug in CrowdStrike’s cloud-based testing system pushed a problematic update to computers around the world.

Also last year, AT&T’s network went down several times, including an 11-hour meltdown that prevented many gig workers from doing their jobs.

So, what went wrong Monday?

AWS is a cloud computing provider that hosts many of the world’s most-used online services. In Amazon’s infancy, the company needed excess server capacity to ensure it had enough computing power to handle the massive amounts of traffic that came to its site during the holiday season rush. Amazon realized that during the rest of the year, it could use those servers to support other companies’ online needs, and out of that AWS was born.

Among AWS’ many offerings is DynamoDB, a database that hosts information for companies, including customer data. Amazon said Monday that its customers couldn’t access the data stored in DynamoDB, because the Domain Name System (DNS) – a kind of phone book for the internet – had encountered a problem.

DNS is like an internet location engine, converting user-friendly web addresses like amazon.com into IP addresses – a series of numbers that other websites and applications can understand.

“Amazon had the data safely stored, but nobody else could find it for several hours, leaving apps temporarily separated from their data,” said Chapple. “It’s as if large portions of the internet suffered temporary amnesia.”

It’s not clear what caused the DNS outage, but it lasted only a few hours. By 6:35 am ET, Amazon had fixed the DNS problem and recommended companies dump their cache – temporary storage files – to help speed up the restoration of their services.

Amazon said the outage continued to affect other AWS services, including EC2 – a kind of virtual server many companies use to build their online applications.

The company will likely conduct a postmortem and explain what went wrong with its DNS system in the coming days.